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    ARTICLE

    Virupaksha Temple, Hampi

    Map Academy

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    Photograph of the eastern gopuram of the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi Photograph of the eastern gopuram of the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi
    Eastern gopuram, Virupaksha Temple; Vijayanagara period, Hampi, Karnataka, India; Photograph: Ingo Mehling (2023), Wikimedia Commons

    Located on the banks of the river Tungabhadra, the Virupaksha temple in Hampi, Karnataka is one of the most important examples of Vijayanagara architecture in the region. Its earliest known mention dates to the seventh–eighth centuries CE; when site was associated with the worship of a local goddess, Pampa. Later legends depicted Pampa as the wife of Shiva as Virupaksha, and a shrine to the god stood there in the fourteenth century before the foundation of Vijayanagara. Virupaksha was an important deity to the early Vijayanagara kings, and the temple was substantially reconstructed and expanded thereafter by rulers of the Sangama and Tuluva dynasties in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Although the temple was once dedicated to the worship of Pampa, her presence in the complex is now limited to a small shrine on the northern side.

    The main gopuram, an east-facing nine-storied structure, has two lower stories made of stone and a superstructure made of brick and mortar with carved stucco figures. The temple incorporates many courtyards, including a hundred-pillared hall. The garbhagriha contains a Shiva lingam and is guarded by two four-armed dvarapalas, two meters in height. A circumambulatory passageway surrounds the shrine.

    Photograph of the of the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi as seen from the Hemakuta Hill Photograph of the of the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi as seen from the Hemakuta Hill
    Mid-19th century archival photograph of the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi by Alexander John Greenlaw Mid-19th century archival photograph of the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi by Alexander John Greenlaw
    Photograph of the inner gopuram at the Virupaksha Temple built by Krishnadevaraya Photograph of the inner gopuram at the Virupaksha Temple built by Krishnadevaraya
    Photograph of the Coronation Mandapa of Krishnadevaraya at the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi Photograph of the Coronation Mandapa of Krishnadevaraya at the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi
    Photograph of the interior of the Coronation Mandapa at the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi Photograph of the interior of the Coronation Mandapa at the Virupaksha Temple complex in Hampi
    Photograph of the lintel above the entrance to the main shrine of the Virupaksha Temple showing various painted deities Photograph of the lintel above the entrance to the main shrine of the Virupaksha Temple showing various painted deities
    Photograph of the Manmatha tank in the Virupaksha Temple complex Photograph of the Manmatha tank in the Virupaksha Temple complex
    Virupaksha Temple complex, as seen from Hemakuta Hill; Vijayanagara period, Hampi, Karnataka, India; Photograph: iMahesh (202), Wikimedia Commons
    Virupaksha Temple complex; Alexander John Greenlaw, Hampi, India; 1856; Silver gelatin print from waxed paper (calotype) negative; 29.6 x 37.9 cm; Victoria and Albert Museum, London
    Inner gopuram, Virupaksha Temple complex; Vijayanagara period, Hampi, Karnataka, India; 1510; Photograph: Ingo Mehling (2023), Wikimedia Commons
    Coronation Mandapa of Krishnadevaraya, Virupaksha Temple complex; Vijayanagara period, Hampi, Karnataka, India; 1510; Photograph: Albert Paul (2018), Wikimedia Commons
    Coronation Mandapa, Virupaksha Temple, interior; Vijayanagara period, Hampi, Karnataka, India; 1510; Photograph: Ingo Mehling (2023), Wikimedia Commons
    Lintel above the entrance to the main shrine, Virupaksha Temple; Vijayanagara period, Hampi, Karnataka, India; Photograph: Ingo Mehling (2023), Wikimedia Commons
    Manmatha Tank, Virupaksha Temple complex; Hampi, Karnataka, India; Photograph: Ingo Mehling (2023), Wikimedia Commons

    A northern gopuram was added during the reign of the Sangama Dynasty in the fifteenth century, and a long open mandapa was constructed around 1510 by the Tuluva ruler Krishnadevaraya. The mandapa is rich in yali iconography, featuring them in the pillars of the central hall as well as the piers at the corners, which include double-yali figures with riders. The eastern ceremonial avenue leading to the temple complex is also thought to have been constructed by Tuluva kings. Lined with colonnades interspersed with tall columns, the avenue ends with a mandapa made of reused columns from pre-Vijayanagara times.

    The Virupaksha temple is especially known for the painted ceiling in the mandapa constructed by Krishnadevaraya, which depicts a series of vignettes from the lives of different Hindu deities. The mandapa has three bays, of which the central one is broader and raised above the other two. The ceiling is covered with painted frescoes and divided into eight unequal registers that are further subdivided into square panels separated by strips of geometric and floral designs.

    The Virupaksha temple is a part of the Hampi group of monuments, which have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It continues to be a major religious and tourism site as of writing.

     

     
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