Indo-Turkic dynasty (r. 1320–1413 CE), third of the Delhi Sultanate, preceded by the Khaljis and followed by the Sayyids. Its founder Ghazi Malik assumed the title Ghiyat al-Din (or Ghiyasuddin) Tughluq; subsequent kings, except his son Muhammad bin Tughluq, did not use the name Tughluq — the term is used by scholars as a convenient label rather than a historical family name. While the dynasty briefly controlled much of the Indian subcontinent, by 1350 Tughluq territories had shrunk following resistance from the emergent Vijayanagara Empire and the independence of the Deccan, Bengal, Sindh and Multan provinces. Political upheaval, high taxation, famine, torture and slavery, and rebellion by Muslim nobility marked the Tughluq period. It also saw the early development of Indo-Islamic architecture, with structures such as the Tughlaqabad Fort, Feroz Shah Kotla and the Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam. Civil war and invasion by the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur ended Tughluq reign. Also: Tughlaq, Tughluk.