A minor Upanishad often classified as one of the eight Shakta Upanishads, it is one of the nineteen late-Vedic texts attached to the Atharvaveda. The text was composed between c. ninth century and the fourteenth century CE. It positions the Devi (Mother Goddess) as Brahman, the ultimate truth. Composed in Sanskrit, its verses are written in reverence of the female principle as the embodiment of the entire universe. From the Sanskrit devi, meaning “heavenly” or “divine,” and upanishad, meaning “hidden doctrine.”