Mask of Vaikuntha Vishnu, late 5th century. Learn more about 5th century masks
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A classification of songs from chapter thirty-two of the Natyashastra, which pertains to songs sung on stage during a performance. According to Abhinavagupta, these songs consisted of alamkara (notes), laya (beats), panyah (drums), varna (syllables), vakya (sentence) and yati (rhythmic patterns) which are harmoniously arranged in relation to each other. From the Sanskrit word dhruva, meaning “standpoint.”